The 10 Biggest Stock Market Debuts Ever
- SpaceX (2026, Nasdaq)1
- Saudi Aramco (2019, Tadawul)2
- Alibaba Group (2014, NYSE)3
- SoftBank Corp (2018, Tokyo)4
- Agricultural Bank of China (2010, Shanghai and Hong Kong)5
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The largest first-time share sales in history, ranked by money raised when the shares were priced.
- 1SpaceX (2026, Nasdaq)Raised $75B at a value of about $1.77T, roughly three times the old record, on about $18.7B of 2025 revenue.
source · cnbc.com ↗ - 2Saudi Aramco (2019, Tadawul)Raised $25.6B at a $1.7T value by selling only 1.5% of the world's most profitable oil company.
source · axios.com ↗ - 3Alibaba Group (2014, NYSE)Raised $21.8B at about $168B value on about $8.5B of yearly revenue; shares jumped 38% on day one.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗ - 4SoftBank Corp (2018, Tokyo)Japan's biggest listing raised $21.3B (about $23.5B with extra shares) at a value near $64B.
source · business-standard.com ↗ - 5Agricultural Bank of China (2010, Shanghai and Hong Kong)Raised $19.2B by selling shares in Shanghai and Hong Kong together, at a value of about $130B.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗ - 6ICBC (2006, Hong Kong and Shanghai)China's biggest bank raised $19.1B across two exchanges at a value of about $130B.
source · financeasia.com ↗ - 7NTT DoCoMo (1998, Tokyo)The biggest IPO of the 1990s raised about $18.1B, opening at a market value of about $76B.
source · rcrwireless.com ↗ - 8Visa (2008, NYSE)Raised $17.9B in the middle of the financial crisis, at about $34B value on $5.2B of yearly revenue.
source · cbsnews.com ↗ - 9AIA Group (2010, Hong Kong)Raised $17.8B at about $31B value, which helped its bailed-out parent AIG pay back the U.S. government.
source · financeasia.com ↗ - 10Enel (1999, Milan and NYSE)Italy's state power company raised $16.5B at about $55B value in Europe's landmark privatization.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗
Worth knowing
- SpaceX raised about three times Saudi Aramco's old record, and its stock rose 19% on the first day.
source · houstonpublicmedia.org ↗ - SpaceX was priced at roughly 90–95 times its 2025 revenue, while Aramco brought about $356B of yearly revenue to its debut.
source · ifre.com ↗ - Extra shares sold after pricing raised the totals: SpaceX's sale grew to about $85.7B and Aramco's to $29.4B.
source · ir.spacex.com ↗ - A record size does not guarantee a strong debut: SoftBank Corp closed 14.5% below its offer price on day one.
source · business-standard.com ↗ - SK hynix's $26.5B Nasdaq sale in July 2026 is left off because its shares were already trading in Seoul, so it was not a first listing.
source · m-en.yna.co.kr ↗
Details: how each AI answered
- 1SpaceX (2026, Nasdaq: SPCX)Raised $75B at pricing (about $86.2B with the over-allotment option) at about $1.8T valuation, roughly 3x the old record; the filing reports 2025 revenue of about $18.7B with a $4.9B net loss.
source · cnbc.com ↗ - 2Saudi Aramco (2019, Tadawul)Raised about $25.6B at pricing (about $29.4B with the over-allotment option) at a valuation of about $1.7T; pre-listing revenue was not found in my sources.
source · tbsnews.net ↗ - 3Alibaba Group (2014, NYSE)Raised about $21.8B at $68 a share and a valuation of about $167.6B (Reuters figure); shares closed up 38% on day one; pre-listing revenue was not found in my sources.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗ - 4SoftBank Corp (2018, Tokyo Stock Exchange)Raised about $21.3B at pricing (about $23.5B after the extra share sale) at a market value of about ¥7.18T; Japan's largest IPO; revenue was not found in my sources.
source · business-standard.com ↗ - 5Agricultural Bank of China (2010, Hong Kong and Shanghai)Raised about $19.2B in a dual listing; valuation and pre-listing revenue were not found in my sources.
source · dealroom.net ↗ - 6ICBC (2006, Hong Kong and Shanghai)Raised about $19.1B in a dual listing; valuation and pre-listing revenue were not found in my sources.
source · dealroom.net ↗ - 7NTT DoCoMo (1998, Tokyo Stock Exchange)Raised about $18.4B (the same source's text says $18.1B); valuation and pre-listing revenue were not found in my sources.
source · dealroom.net ↗ - 8Visa (2008, NYSE)Raised about $17.9B gross at $44 a share (net proceeds $19.1B per its 10-K) and closed up about 28% on day one; Q4 2007 revenue was $1.49B (quarterly, not yearly), and I found no IPO-date valuation.
source · 6abc.com ↗ - 9AIA Group (2010, Hong Kong)Raised about $17.8B; valuation and pre-listing revenue were not found in my sources.
source · dealroom.net ↗ - 10Enel (1999, Borsa Italiana)Raised about $16.5B; valuation and pre-listing revenue were not found in my sources.
source · dealroom.net ↗
Worth knowing
- SpaceX's $75B raise was about three times Saudi Aramco's previous record, and the stock rose 19% on its first day.
source · houstonpublicmedia.org ↗ - SpaceX's roughly $1.75T target valuation was reported as more than 90 times its 2025 revenue, a very large multiple next to the older giants.
source · kucoin.com ↗ - Aramco's $1.7T valuation came in below the roughly $2T the Saudi crown prince had reportedly wanted.
source · tbsnews.net ↗ - Record size does not guarantee a strong debut: SoftBank Corp's shares closed 14.5% below the offer price on day one.
source · business-standard.com ↗
- 1SpaceXRaised $75.0B at its 2026 Nasdaq debut; offer value about $1.77T; 2025 revenue was $18.67B.
source · nasdaq.com ↗ - 2Saudi AramcoRaised $25.6B on Tadawul in 2019; offer value about $1.7T; 2018 revenue was $318.5B.
source · axios.com ↗ - 3Alibaba GroupRaised $21.8B on the NYSE in 2014; offer value about $167.6B; fiscal 2014 revenue was $8.46B.
source · forbes.com ↗ - 4SoftBank CorpRaised $21.3B in Tokyo in 2018; offer value about $64B; revenue for the year ended March 2018 was ¥3.58T.
source · business-standard.com ↗ - 5Agricultural Bank of ChinaRaised $19.2B across Shanghai and Hong Kong in 2010; debut value about $130B; 2009 bank operating income was RMB223.6B.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗ - 6Industrial and Commercial Bank of ChinaRaised $19.1B across Hong Kong and Shanghai in 2006; offer value about $129B; 2005 bank operating income was RMB171.6B.
source · financeasia.com ↗ - 7NTT DoCoMoRaised about $18.1B in Tokyo in 1998; debut-day market value was about $76B; revenue for the year ended March 1998 was ¥2.63T.
source · rcrwireless.com ↗ - 8VisaRaised $17.9B on the NYSE in 2008; offer value about $34B; fiscal 2007 operating revenue was $5.2B.
source · cbsnews.com ↗ - 9AIA GroupRaised $17.8B in Hong Kong in 2010; offer value about $30.6B; fiscal 2009 total revenue was $19.0B, including investment returns.
source · financeasia.com ↗ - 10EnelRaised $16.5B with Milan and NYSE listings in 1999; offer value about $55B; 1998 sales were $22.9B.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗
Worth knowing
- These ranks use proceeds from the initial offering, before later extra-share options: SpaceX's $75B subsequently became $85.7B.
source · ir.spacex.com ↗ - Aramco raised $25.6B while initially offering only 1.5% of a company valued around $1.7T.
source · axios.com ↗ - The two Chinese bank debuts combined Hong Kong and Shanghai share sales; counting only one exchange understates each IPO.
source · dealroom.net ↗ - SK hynix's $26.5B Nasdaq sale is excluded: it was an American depositary receipt debut for a company already trading in Seoul.
source · m-en.yna.co.kr ↗
- 1SpaceXRaised $75 billion on Nasdaq in June 2026, before extra shares, at a value of about $1.77 trillion; revenue in 2025 was about $18.7 billion.
source · ifre.com ↗ - 2SK hynixRaised $26.5 billion in a July 2026 Nasdaq debut of American depositary shares, at a value near $1.1 trillion, while its shares already traded in Seoul; 2025 revenue was 97.1 trillion won, about $70.4 billion.
source · techcrunch.com ↗ - 3Saudi AramcoRaised $25.6 billion on the Tadawul in December 2019 at a value of $1.7 trillion; revenue in 2018, the last full year before the listing, was $359.9 billion.
source · nytimes.com ↗ - 4AlibabaRaised $21.8 billion on the New York Stock Exchange in September 2014 at a value of about $168 billion; revenue for the year ended March 2014 was $8.46 billion.
source · finance.yahoo.com ↗ - 5SoftBank Corp.The base sale was about $21.3 billion before extra shares that took it to about $23.5 billion, listed in Tokyo in December 2018 at a value near $64 billion; revenue for the year ended March 2018 was 3.54 trillion yen.
source · asia.nikkei.com ↗ - 6NTT DoCoMoRaised about $18.1 billion on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in October 1998 and opened with a market value of about $76 billion; it already had more than 20 million subscribers, about 60 percent of Japan's mobile market.
source · rcrwireless.com ↗ - 7VisaRaised $17.9 billion on the New York Stock Exchange in March 2008 at a market value of about $36 billion; revenue for the year ended September 2007 was $5.2 billion, and legal costs left an $861 million loss.
source · cbsnews.com ↗ - 8AIA GroupRaised $17.8 billion in its October 2010 Hong Kong debut, which closed at a market value of $35.8 billion after a 17 percent first-day rise; profit for 2010 was forecast to exceed $2 billion.
source · ft.com ↗ - 9EnelListed in Milan and New York in November 1999 at a company value of about $54.8 billion; reports put the sale near $19 billion with extra shares, and about $16.5 billion before them.
source · latimes.com ↗ - 10Facebook (now Meta)Raised $16 billion on Nasdaq in May 2012 at a value of $104 billion; revenue in 2011 was $3.7 billion.
source · abcnews.go.com ↗
Worth knowing
- SpaceX raised about three times the old record on roughly $18.7 billion of 2025 sales, close to 95 times revenue, at a $1.77 trillion offer value.
source · ifre.com ↗ - The year before Aramco's listing, Moody's put its revenue at $359.9 billion and its profit at $111.1 billion, so the $1.7 trillion price sat on a business already larger than the biggest tech debuts.
source · thenationalnews.com ↗ - Extra shares changed the headlines after pricing: reports put SpaceX's full sale at about $85.7 billion and Aramco's, with the later overallotment, at $29.4 billion.
source · forbes.com ↗ - Size did not guarantee a first-day jump. SoftBank Corp. fell 14.5 percent on its first day in Tokyo even after one of the largest sales on record.
source · techcrunch.com ↗
- 1SpaceXRaised a record $75B on Nasdaq in June 2026 at a ~$1.77T valuation; 2025 revenue was $18.67B (up from $14.02B in 2024), driven by Starlink and launch services.
source · cnbc.com ↗ - 2SK hynixRaised $26.5B via Nasdaq ADRs in July 2026 at a ~$1.09T valuation — the largest first-time US listing by a foreign company; 2025 revenue was about $64B (₩97.1T) on AI memory-chip demand.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 3Saudi AramcoRaised $25.6B on Tadawul in December 2019 at a $1.7T valuation, selling just 1.5% of the company; 2018 revenue was about $356B — by far the largest business on this list.
source · cnbc.com ↗ - 4AlibabaRaised $21.8B on the NYSE in September 2014, valued at ~$175B at pricing (shares jumped 38% on day one); revenue in the fiscal year before listing was about $8.4B.
source · finance.yahoo.com ↗ - 5SoftBank CorpThe Japanese mobile unit raised $21.3B on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in December 2018 at a ~$64B valuation; annual revenue before listing was roughly $33B (¥3.7T).
source · cnbc.com ↗ - 6NTT DoCoMoRaised $18.1B on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in October 1998 at a ~$76B valuation — the biggest IPO of the 1990s; pre-listing annual revenue was roughly $23B (¥3T).
source · dealroom.net ↗ - 7VisaRaised $17.9B on the NYSE in March 2008 — mid-financial-crisis — at a ~$34B valuation; fiscal 2007 revenue was about $5.2B, the smallest revenue base among the top 10.
source · channelnewsasia.com ↗ - 8AIA GroupRaised $17.8B on the Hong Kong Exchange in October 2010 at a ~$31B valuation, helping bailed-out parent AIG repay the US government; annual revenue was about $15B.
source · cnbc.com ↗ - 9EnelItaly's state utility raised $16.5B on the NYSE in November 1999 at a ~$55B valuation in Europe's landmark privatization; annual revenue was roughly €25B (~$27B).
source · fool.com ↗ - 10Facebook (Meta)Raised $16.0B on Nasdaq in May 2012 at a $104B valuation despite a glitchy debut; 2011 revenue was just $3.7B — the list's starkest price-to-size gap.
source · abcnews.com ↗
Worth knowing
- SpaceX's $75B raise is larger than the next three biggest IPOs in history combined — SK hynix ($26.5B), Saudi Aramco ($25.6B) and Alibaba ($21.8B) add up to about $73.9B.
source · renaissancecapital.com ↗ - Two of the three largest IPOs ever happened within a month of each other in summer 2026 (SpaceX in June, SK hynix in July), helping US IPO proceeds hit $115.6B in the first half of 2026 alone.
source · startupfortune.com ↗ - The biggest raise did not mean the best investment: Saudi Aramco sits about 13% below its 2019 offer price, while Visa — listed at a modest $34B valuation — turned $1,000 into roughly $30,610.
source · kq2.com ↗ - Size behind the price varies wildly: Facebook was valued at $104B on only $3.7B of yearly revenue, while Saudi Aramco brought about $356B of revenue to its debut — a nearly 100-fold difference in business size per dollar of valuation.
source · forbes.com ↗
- 1Saudi AramcoRaised $25.60 billion on its December 2019 debut on the Tadawul at a valuation of $1.70 trillion, underpinned by $355.90 billion in full-year 2018 pre-listing revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 2Alibaba GroupRaised $21.77 billion on its September 2014 debut on the New York Stock Exchange at a valuation of $167.62 billion, supported by $8.46 billion in fiscal 2014 revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 3SoftBank Corp.Raised $21.30 billion on its December 2018 listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange at a market valuation of $62.00 billion, backed by $33.10 billion in FY2017 annual revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 4Agricultural Bank of ChinaRaised $19.23 billion across its July 2010 dual listing on the Shanghai and Hong Kong exchanges at a $128.00 billion valuation, supported by $32.00 billion in 2009 revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 5Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)Raised $19.09 billion in its October 2006 dual Hong Kong and Shanghai debut at a $139.00 billion valuation, supported by $23.80 billion in 2005 full-year revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 6NTT DoCoMoRaised $18.40 billion in its October 1998 listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange at a market valuation of ~$80.00 billion, anchored by $27.00 billion in FY1997 annual revenue.
- 7Visa Inc.Raised $17.86 billion in its March 2008 debut on the New York Stock Exchange at an $86.00 billion valuation, underpinned by $3.91 billion in FY2007 annual revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 8AIA GroupRaised $17.83 billion in its October 2010 listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange at a market valuation of $30.50 billion, supported by $14.80 billion in 2009 revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗ - 9Enel S.p.A.Raised $16.45 billion in its November 1999 privatization debut on Borsa Italiana and the NYSE at a $53.00 billion valuation, backed by $20.20 billion in 1998 revenue.
source · nytimes.com ↗ - 10Facebook, Inc. (Meta)Raised $16.01 billion on its May 2012 debut on Nasdaq at an initial market valuation of $104.20 billion, supported by $3.71 billion in 2011 pre-listing revenue.
source · reuters.com ↗
Worth knowing
- Natural monopolies versus software multiples: Saudi Aramco carried $355.9 billion in annual revenue to justify its $25.6 billion debut, while tech entrants like Alibaba and Facebook commanded high multiples despite pre-listing revenues under $10 billion.
source · reuters.com ↗ - Counter-cyclical liquidity: Visa completed what was then the largest U.S. IPO ($17.9 billion) in March 2008, demonstrating that essential financial network infrastructure could raise record capital amidst wider market instability.
source · reuters.com ↗ - Asian exchange dominance: Half of the ten largest stock market listings in history were hosted across Asian exchanges—including Riyadh, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.
source · dealroom.net ↗



